IDEOLOGI NASIONALISME, ISLAMISME DAN SOSIALISME MEMPENGARUHI PERJUANGAN KEMERDEKAAN DI NUSANTARA

(The Ideologies of Nationalism, Islamism And Socialism Influence Towards Independence Struggle in the Archipelago)

Abstract

Budaya politik di rantau Nusantara telah dipengaruhi oleh tiga aliran pemikiran utama iaitu nasionalisme, Islamisme, dan sosialisme yang menjadi asas kepada perpaduan dalam perjuangan mencapai kemerdekaan. Ketiga-tiga ideologi ini memberi impak besar dalam mencorakkan sejarah politik di wilayah ini, di mana Indonesia sering dijadikan sumber inspirasi bagi gerakan kemerdekaan di Tanah Melayu. Peristiwa penting seperti Sumpah Pemuda pada tahun 1928, yang mengangkat semangat Negara Indonesia, Bangsa Indonesia, dan Bahasa Indonesia, telah menyemarakkan kesedaran politik dan aspirasi kemerdekaan di kalangan masyarakat Nusantara. Sukarno, salah seorang tokoh utama dalam perjuangan kemerdekaan Indonesia, berjaya menyatukan unsur nasionalisme, Islamisme, serta sosialisme-komunisme dalam kerangka perjuangannya. Bagi merapatkan jurang dalam masyarakat, beliau memperkenalkan konsep NASASOS (Nasional, Agama, dan Sosialis) semasa era pemerintahannya, yang sebelumnya dikenali sebagai NASAKOM (Nasionalis, Agama, dan Komunis). Pendekatan inklusif ini memberi dorongan kepada perkembangan gerakan politik di Tanah Melayu, seperti yang dapat dilihat dalam penubuhan Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (PKMM) pada tahun 1945. PKMM menggabungkan pemimpin dari pelbagai latar ideologi diantaranya nasionalis seperti Ghafar Baba dan Sardon Jubir, tokoh Islam seperti Dr. Burhanuddin al-Helmy dan Taharuddin Taha, serta aktivis berhaluan kiri seperti Ahmad Boestaman dan Mukhtaruddin Lasso. Namun, pengenalan Malayan Union oleh pihak British pada 1 April 1946 telah menimbulkan ketegangan politik, yang akhirnya mencetuskan perpecahan antara pemimpin-pemimpin berbeza fahaman di Malaya.

ABSTRACT

The political landscape of the archipelago embraced three dominant ideologies such as Nationalism, Islamism, and Socialism as foundational elements in the collective struggle for independence. These ideologies significantly influenced the historical development of the region, with Indonesia frequently serving as a source of inspiration for Malaya’s own independence movement. The 1928 Sumpah Pemuda declaration in Indonesia, which emphasized unity through the Indonesian nation, state, and language, played a pivotal role in igniting political consciousness and independence aspirations across the archipelago. Sukarno, a prominent Indonesian leader, skillfully blended aspects of nationalism, Islamic values, and socialist-communist thought as the backbone of his political mission. To foster unity among diverse societal groups, he introduced the concept of NASASOS (National, Religious, and Socialist) during his leadership. Prior to this, his administration was characterized by the ideological fusion known as NASAKOM (Nationalist, Religious, and Communist). Sukarno’s inclusive ideological strategy greatly influenced political activism in Malaya. This influence is evident in the formation of the Malay Nationalist Party (PKMM) in 1945, which brought together leaders of varied ideological backgrounds nationalists like Ghafar Baba and Sardon Jubir, Islamic leaders such as Dr. Burhanuddin al-Helmy and Taharuddin Taha, and left-wing figures including Ahmad Boestaman and Mukhtaruddin Lasso. Nonetheless, the British initiative to implement the Malayan Union on April 1, 1946, led to ideological rifts, ultimately causing divisions among Malayan leaders with differing political beliefs.